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Ahmed Shafik is a close friend of Mubarak and his colleague in the tyranny, oppression and plunder imposed on the Egyptian people.

CNN CROWLEY:  Let me ask you by arrests by the military police.  Why are they arresting –

SHAFIK: About…?

CNN CROWLEY: Arrests.

SHAFIK:  About what?

CNN CROWLEY:  About the detention of human rights activists.  Why are you detaining them?

SHAFIK:  “Oh, frankly speaking, there is some problem.  It’s not intended at all, my dear!”

Transcript of AC 360 February 7th, 2011:

ANDERSON COOPER 360 DEGREES

Egypt Standoff; The White House’s Careful Tone on Egypt; Egyptian Actor Joins Protest; Peaceful Egyptian Protestor Shot to Death by Police; Human Rights Violations in Egypt

Aired February 7, 2011 – 23:00   ET

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
ANDERSON COOPER, CNN ANCHOR: Good evening, everyone.

We are devoting the entire hour tonight to what is happening there; to what’s happening right now in Egypt, because it is a matter of life and death.

This is what Liberation Square looks like tonight. Anti-Mubarak protesters still occupying it, surrounded by soldiers. They are refusing to leave; they are standing their ground.

In some ways it’s more dangerous right now for those protestors — more dangerous because as the reporters leave and the world turns its attention elsewhere, they become more vulnerable. More easy to arrest, more easy to torture, more easy to kill. In a few moments we’re going to show you a full video of a single peaceful protester being shot to death before your eyes. He wasn’t hurling any rocks; he wasn’t holding a gun. That man standing in the streets, in a few seconds will be dead. Egyptian police shot him dead.

Nearly 300 people have been killed in the last 14 days, according to Human Rights Watch, most of them not videotaped; their deaths not recorded. And according to the “Wall Street Journal” nearly 1,300 people have been arrested. They’re citing figures from the Egyptian organization for human rights.

Some of those 1,300 people have been released but others still held, and we don’t know where and we don’t know what’s being done to them.

According to several “New York Times” personnel who were held by the secret police a few days ago, they could hear captured Egyptians being beaten, tortured, crying out in pain.

That is the truth of the Mubarak regime. They have blood on their hands. And the question tonight: Are they really going to change for themselves?

You’re going to hear from our reporters on the ground in a moment. Also in Washington, we’ll talk to Mohamed ElBaradei, a leading opposition figure.

But we begin as always tonight “Keeping Them Honest”. And tonight we begin by focusing on the lies the Egyptian government continues to tell. Now, I know lies is a strong word, it’s one we rarely use. We talk about different facts. But we can’t think of another word right now to describe what the Egyptian government has been saying because what they’ve been saying is the direct opposite of what they have been doing.

The lies go back years, decades, of course. But we want to just focus on some of the ones we’ve heard in the last few days.

The new vice president of Egypt, this man, Omar Suleiman has for years been Mubarak’s closest henchman, running his intelligence service. Now he says his government has accepted many of the protestor’s complaints. He says they’re reaching out to opposition leaders. But while he was saying that, literally while his lips were moving and saying those things on Egyptian television and on ABC News, his secret police were still arresting opposition figures. Thugs burst into the offices of human rights organizations, trashing the places, arresting a number of human rights monitors.

And there had been absolutely no transparency about what the Egyptian government is doing right now, other than a few awkward photo ops on Egyptian government-controlled television. The Egyptian government has denied any involvement in these kind of attacks by mobs on peaceful demonstrators and reporters. They say they have no idea how these things happened.

But the Egyptian military stood there and let it happen. I saw that with my own eyes, we all saw that. And when they realized the protesters could not be beaten back by mobs and reporters would continue working, the military suddenly stepped in. And with a few rolls of concertina wire and a few shots in the air, they suddenly were able to keep the mobs at bay.

The Egyptian government says the military didn’t want to choose sides but the truth is, they did choose sides. They searched peaceful demonstrators entering Liberation Square for days, but made no efforts to search angry pro Mubarak mobs as they descended on Liberation Square.

Even while the government was insisting the journalists where welcome to report freely in Egypt, at the end of last week, we have now learned that from the International Committee to Protects Journalists, 26 journalists have been detained since the end of last week, since Friday. 71 since the protests began, and those are just the ones they could count.

So, how could a regime that’s operated under emergency powers for 30 years be expected to suddenly transition to democracy and act with transparency? Those emergency powers allow the Egyptian government to arrest anyone they want at any time.

Take a look at what happened when Candy Crowley pressed Egypt’s prime minister about this yesterday on CNN.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

CANDY CROWLEY, CNN HOST, “STATE OF THE UNION”: Mr. Prime Minister, our reporters on the scene in Cairo tell us that while you negotiate about a democratic process, there are still arrests of local and international human rights activists as well as journalists. Why are you arresting them?

AHMED SHAFIQ, PRIME MINISTER, EGYPT: I didn’t understand you.

CROWLEY: We are told that you are arresting human rights activists and journalists, why?

SHAFIQ: I don’t hear –

(END VIDEO CLIP)

COOPER: Suddenly sound problems developed, he couldn’t hear. A few moments later, Candy tried again.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

CROWLEY: Let me ask you about arrests by the military police. Why are they arresting — arrests.

SHAFIQ: About?

CROWLEY: About the detention of human rights activists, why are you detaining them?

SHAFIQ: Frankly speaking, (INAUDIBLE) some problems, it’s not intended at all, my dear.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

COOPER: It’s not intended at all, my dear. That was his answer, finally.

This is a police state. Some estimates say there are more than 1.5 million people employed at the feared interior ministry, secret police, thugs, informers. The man who oversaw the intelligence services is now the vice president of Egypt.

It’s not intended at all? Thursday while the Egyptian government was talking about reaching out to opposition figures, nine young dissidents had a meeting with opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei. That evening, all nine were rounded up and detained.

I spoke with Mr. ElBaradei earlier today.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

COOPER: Dr. ElBaradei, should people believe anything that the Mubarak regime is saying publicly? Because it seems to me over the last several days, they’ve made a number of public statements, that when you actually look at their actions and what they’re doing behind the scenes show those statements to be false.

They say they’re for press freedom and yet clearly there was an orchestrated campaign to attack the media. They say they had no control over the people attacking the anti-Mubarak demonstrators in the Square, and yet as soon as there was too much international attention, those attacks stopped. So, should people believe this regime?

MOHAMED ELBARADEI, EGYPTIAN OPPOSITION LEADER: Anderson, I don’t think they have an iota of credibility right now. And then what they say is one thing, what they do is completely the other. They have attacked foreign journalists, they have detained young demonstrators.

I give you just one perfect example. People last Thursday came from the Tahrir Square to meet with me. And these were cardiologists, lawyers, engineers. Nine of them got detained the same day that the vice president said they were releasing all the demonstrators. They were kept for a couple days. They were blindfolded — and I had to make that public everywhere, kicking and screaming, if you like, until they got released yesterday.

So, there is nothing they are doing that’s lending them any sense of credibility. And you can’t really make the transition through the outgoing regime, through a regime that is basically adopting a military approach to democracy. What we need is right now is to have a national coalition government that takes over, that is representative of that peaceful resolution, and they are the one who should make the change.

COOPER: Even though now there seems to be more security on the ground for the anti-Mubarak protesters in the Square it seems to me that could change at a moment’s notice. I mean we’ve seen the military come and go for reasons that are completely unknown to anybody other than the military and the Mubarak regime. And if those protesters were to leave the Square, they could be picked off one by one over time by the secret police who we know routinely torture and have all sorts extrajudicial and illegal detentions.

ELBARADEI: Correct. And all the guys young and old are aware of that. They are — there is no way they are leaving the Square. The army tried a couple of times to — tried to go through them through tanks, but they made a human shield. Nobody is going to leave the Square, Anderson, I can tell you that.

COOPER: Dr. ElBaradei, I appreciate your time. Thank you.

ELBARADEI: Thank you very much Anderson.

COOPER: Mohamed ElBaradei, I talked to him earlier.

With us now from Cairo, CNN’s Ben Wedeman and Ivan Watson on the ground. And joining me here now Professor Fouad Ajami of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies

Fouad, have you heard — I mean it seems to we are just hearing lies from the Egyptian government. You have Suleiman going on television saying we’re transitioning to democracy. And at the same time, their thugs are arresting people still.

PROF. FOUAD AJAMI, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES: We should be under no illusions about Omar Suleiman. He’s Mubarak’s Mubarak (ph). He’s an inside man. And what they’ve done is they have put forward Omar Suleiman as the front of the regime because the basic — the man of the regime, the leader of the regime is such an anathema to the crowd and such an anathema to the protestors.

This is an authoritarian state, it’s been an authoritarian state. That’s the only game it knows. And when an American envoy, Ambassador Frank Wisner, goes to Egypt and says that Mubarak should be given the right to write his own legacy, to determine his own legacy, this is the legacy of this regime. This is what this regime knows.

And we’ve ridden this roller coaster. A dose of repression and a dose of negotiations. One face of the regime one day, and another face of the regime the other day.

ANDERSON COOPER, HOST, “ANDERSON COOPER 360″: Ben, in terms of the intelligence services, in terms of the secret police, they are all still there, correct? I mean, there’s not any talk about eliminating them or lifting the state of emergency which allows them to arrest people whenever they want?

BEN WEDEMAN, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Certainly there’s no talk, Anderson, from the side of the government, although obviously, that is — those are some of the demands being put forth by the protesters.

But, in fact, the regime, as opposed to President Mubarak, is still very much in place. In fact, today I spoke to one analyst here in Cairo. He said, effectively, we have already entered the post-Mubarak era, that Omar Suleiman is the strongman. He’s in control of the apparatus of the state, whether that be the police, the intelligence services, and the army.

That really the only thing that is changing is Mubarak is being gradually phased out of the picture, gradually stripped of his real presidential executive powers. And we just have a new strongman in his place — Anderson.

COOPER: And Ivan, the situation in the square is what now?

IVAN WATSON, CNN INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Well, the interesting change that we have seen is that, whereas before, all of these demonstrators were preparing for battle against the pro-Mubarak as they call them thugs, now they have shifted their tactics and they’re focusing on this potentially much more deadly threat, which is the military itself.

And you see columns of Egyptian soldiers in full riot gear periodically marching in front of the barricades, a definite show of force. The demonstrators are sitting not behind the barricades, hiding from rocks. Now they’re in front of them, as we speak, sitting cross-legged in front of campfires huddled in the cold. They form this human chain, knowing that they are going to lay their lives out there if the soldiers try to come in and break down their barricades.

They say they’re there to stop the tanks. They’re afraid that the military could be used against them to try to break this whole thing, their whole revolution, kill it. And they have a real good point.

As you point out, a lot of these detentions, Anderson, we’re finding out, are being conducted by the military police, plain-clothed military police.

The military that is supposed to be neutral in this political crisis, they are the ones who have been detaining journalists, the Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch activists, as well as a number of Egyptian activists in the raid of couple of days ago that took place. They are the ones that are carrying out a lot of these detentions right now.

COOPER: So, Fouad, all this talk about the military not taking sides, I mean that’s just again not true.

AJAMI: Well, we really don’t know what’s happening inside the Egyptian military and I don’t think we will for a long time. This is the — again, this is best described as the black box of this regime.

COOPER: Are these protesters right to hold on to the square? Because it seems to me, if they do leave and the world turns away — because as soon as they leave that square, most of the world’s attention is going to turn away. They can be picked off one by one.

AJAMI: Right.

The protesters have now entered the most dangerous phase of this conflict. They are known to the security services. They have bet it all, and if indeed this regime survives, if this regime truly in a way deludes us that it has changed, it has reformed, it has amended its ways, most of these protesters, the leaders of these protesters are in great, great dangers.

I have been talking to several Egyptian intellectuals. This is now the most dangerous phase for those who dared stand up to the regime. They surprised themselves, they surprised the regime, and the regime is not yet spent. And we don’t really know. There’s a heavy dosage of repression if need be that could be applied to this conflict.

And as you said, as the world turns its attention, as people leave, as the story becomes somewhat tedious and somewhat familiar –

(CROSSTALK)

COOPER: As the pictures aren’t as dramatic –

AJAMI: — absolutely. This is exactly what Mubarak bet on all along. This is the ultimate gray man strategy. This is his procedure.

COOPER: Ben, is that what you hear from the protesters as well? How concerned are they? Do they feel that this is an extraordinarily dangerous time?

WEDEMAN: Well, the mood in this square is incredibly buoyant, despite these concerns. And are they concerned about how long they can keep this up. But there’s a very important development that’s happened in the last few hours. Wael Ghonim, this Google executive who was detained by the intelligence here on the 28th, was released. He came out and he did an interview on Dream TV, which is a private Egyptian satellite channel.

It was an incredibly emotional interview, where he slammed the government for accusing the people in the square of being foreign agents, of basically essentially being mercenaries on behalf of foreign forces. And –

(CROSSTALK)

COOPER: Yes, Ben, I want to play for our viewers some of that interview, and then have you comment about what the people are telling you about it. Let’s just play that.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

WAEL GHONIM, GOOGLE (through translator): Oh, I’m not a hero. I slept for 12 days. The heroes were in the streets. The heroes are the ones that went to the demonstrations. The heroes are the ones that sacrificed their lives. The heroes are the ones that were beaten. And the heroes are the ones that were arrested and exposed to dangers. I wasn’t a hero.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

COOPER: Ben, what kind of reaction is that getting?

WEDEMAN: Incredible reaction. I mean it’s really earthshaking, the sort of jolt it sent through Egyptians. And a lot of Egyptians who were sitting on the sidelines sort of undecided about how to act, I’m hearing a lot of people who have not been to Tahrir plan to go to Tahrir tomorrow. Many of the staff of Cairo University say they’re going to Tahrir tomorrow.

So, this has really reinvigorated the anti-Mubarak movement. They have really a figure who has come out and spoken emotionally and convincingly about his convictions, his belief that what he’s doing is for the good of Egypt, because Anderson, what we have heard so far from the government media is just really a pack of sort of scandalous allegations against the protesters; that they are agents of Israel, Hamas, Hezbollah, and the United States, a rather bizarre combination of supporters, you have to admit.

And what — he sort of swiped those away. And what we’re seeing is a gradual sort of backlash against the official media that’s been running this smear campaign. He really bit back at them, and I think we may see a difference as a result of his interview.

COOPER: So there are more people, Fouad, who could still come to the square and we’re in a critical juncture?

AJAMI: Look, we go back to something you said a couple of days ago from Cairo about people conquering fear. And I think –

COOPER: Fear has been defeated. That’s what a lot the protesters are saying, that there’s no turning back.

AJAMI: Absolutely. The old Egypt is defeated. The old system of submission to the pharaoh, submission to the state, fear of the rulers, fear of the secret police.

COOPER: But the state is not giving up. The secret police are not giving up. They’re out there. They’re waiting. And they’re — I mean, they’re ready to hold on to power.

AJAMI: Because that’s exactly the counter-revolution. The people you have seen, the people who just want to bid farewell to the past and to the corruption of the past and to the tyranny of the past have made their stand.

But the counter-revolution has not yet been spent. These people own a country, the senior officer of the Mubarak people, Omar Suleiman, and the people around him. And what they do is, they do these cosmetic reforms. Someone leaves the National Democratic Party. Then you put up someone who is a reformer.

COOPER: That’s Mubarak’s party.

AJAMI: Exactly. Then you put up someone who is a reformer. (INAUDIBLE) takes over from someone else.

So, in fact, the fight is still on. And the fight — and this regime hasn’t yet understood its moral defeat. This is really — it will have to somehow try to make up for its moral defeat, for its cultural defeat, with simply the force of arms.

COOPER: Professor Ajami, appreciate you being on, Ben Wedeman as well, Ivan Watson. Stay safe.

And, again, just to viewers, I know the pictures are not as dramatic as they were a few days ago. But that doesn’t matter. What is happening is still as dramatic. What is happening is still as important.

And as you heard Professor Ajami saying, it may be more dangerous right now than it was when Molotov cocktails were being hurled in front of the world’s media.

We cannot turn away from what is happening now. The battle continues. The fight rages on.

Raw brutality without any explanation, we got an example of it, Egyptian police gunning down a protester captured on camera. A lot of people being killed, their stories not told. Their stories will never be told. The pictures will not be seen. This is one person being killed.

Tonight, we investigate this video now seen around the world. We’re going to take you to the spot where it happened to tell you what we have learned about it.

Also, has the Obama administration had a consistent message on Egypt? Do they have one now? We will take a look at that.

But, first, let’s check in with Isha Sesay, who is following some other stories tonight — Isha.

ISHA SESAY, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Hi there, Anderson. Good to have you back, Anderson.

WikiLeaks’ founder Julian Assange was back in a London courtroom today, this time for an extradition hearing. When we come back, I will explain why his lawyers are arguing Assange is at risk of execution if he’s extradited to Sweden.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

COOPER: Welcome back to our continuing coverage of what is happening in Egypt right now.

A lot of people have died who did not need to die. And, as you’ve just heard, this may be the most dangerous phase for those anti- Mubarak protesters. And it’s very possible more people are going to die in the hours and the days and the weeks ahead.

A lot of people have simply disappeared, have been taken into custody, and we don’t know about their whereabouts. We don’t know what’s happening to them.

I want to show you some video of one person. We know what happened to this person, because this person was shot to death by Egyptian authorities. And it was videotaped, and that videotape was put online.

We asked Nic Robertson to go and investigate what we could learn about the incident around this. This is just one person’s story. Again, so many people have died and disappeared, and their stories may never be told. But this is one person’s story.

We want to warn you the video is disturbing to see. We’re not going to show you the actual moment this person was killed, but we will show you the moments before and the immediate moments afterward.

Nic Robertson reports.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

NIC ROBERTSON, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT (voice- over): It is 2:28 in the afternoon January 28. This man is walking to his death. The video went viral, but we wanted to know more. Who was he and who recorded his last moments?

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: We were like, what the hell is he doing? He shouldn’t be doing this, because the situation doesn’t look that good.

ROBERTSON: Speaking out for the first time, two young women who videoed the killing. They’re afraid to be identified.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: He did nothing. He was — he had nothing. He was like, I have nothing in my hands.

ROBERTSON (on camera): He had nothing in his hands?

ROBERTSON (voice-over): They show me photographs they took from the same balcony.

In the hour before the man is shot, the streets around their building become a battleground, rock-throwing protesters facing off with police.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: These were the police.

ROBERTSON (on camera): And here you can — we have got riot shields, batons here.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I think he’s here throwing the rocks that the protesters are throwing at –

ROBERTSON: Yes, as he is bending — the policeman here is bending down to pick up a rock.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes.

ROBERTSON: And that’s a policeman with a tear gas –

(CROSSTALK)

ROBERTSON (voice-over): The situation deteriorates. Police arrive with rifles.

(on camera): Well, that’s a proper gun (ph).

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes. I think it’s a proper gun.

ROBERTSON: It is a proper gun, yes, a rifle. And he’s pointing it at the protesters.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes.

ROBERTSON (voice-over): Not long after, the man begins his walk up the street.

(on camera): What it appears on the videotape is that he’s standing on one corner, and the gunmen are literally just across the road.

Is that what — that’s what –

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes.

ROBERTSON: So they were just, what, a few yards away from him?

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes, not that far, a few yards. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: They — the man shot him first, but it didn’t get through — through him. But the second one, I think he — he zoomed in his face because he was like standing like that. And –

ROBERTSON: So the man who shot him took very careful aim?

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes. Yes. I’m sure.

ROBERTSON (voice-over): When we go to the same street corner today, it’s still tense, so we use a tiny camera.

(on camera): This is where the man was standing when he was shot. The gunman was (AUDIO GAP)

(voice-over): Our hidden camera breaks up as I count the paces across the road.

(on camera): Seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, oh, about 12 paces away, about 12 yards away. He had a clear line of sight, an unobstructed view of his target just over there.

(voice-over): The women tell me they hold President Mubarak and the police responsible. They want justice for the man whose name they still don’t know.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I feel sympathy to him, his family. I don’t know. I just feel like I need to get back his rights. That’s it.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I would like for his rights to get back. For him and his family, you know? He deserves it. He did nothing for it. It’s so unfair.

ROBERTSON: The neighbor videoed the body being carried away by other protesters. In the chaos, no record of where he went.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

COOPER: Coming up next, the politics of protest in Egypt and the role the United States is playing. What the White House is now saying about the situation and how that message has been changing over the last several days.

And later, Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords’ husband, Mark Kelly, getting ready to command a space shuttle mission. We have details about why he decided to go ahead with the mission.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

COOPER: Welcome back to our continuing coverage of what is happening in Cairo.

And if you missed the top of the program, Dr. Ajami said something very important from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. He said this may be the most dangerous time for the anti- Mubarak protesters who have paid for that square, for Liberation Square, paid for it with their blood and the blood of their colleagues and friends and are holding onto it tonight at this hour.

But the fear that they have is that the world is going to stop paying attention, as so many reporters are leaving, myself included, and that people are just going to forget about what’s going on there.

But this is an extraordinarily dangerous time.

Today the Obama administration called on Egypt’s government to be more inclusive in its negotiations with opposition groups. At the top of the program, we told you how Mohammed ElBaradei met with young members of the opposition movement, nine of them. They were arrested right after he met — after he met them.

The State Department said the talks are not broad-based enough and that people it defines as major figures in society need to be invited to the table. ElBaradei wasn’t invited; nor were others.

As we’ve been talking about, the Egyptian regime continues to say one thing publicly but do another thing publicly. Secret police are still there. They have the power. There’s no change on that in sight. White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said that while monumental changes have already occurred in Egypt, more action needs to be taken by the government.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

ROBERT GIBBS, WHITE HOUSE PRESS SECRETARY: The Egyptian people will evaluate where we are — where we are in terms of the steps that are being taken in order to see the words that are spoken about meaningful change actually result in some concrete actions. I think that’s what people are looking for. Words are not enough. It’s — it is actions toward a meaningful change that the Egyptian people are most looking for.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

COOPER: And again, it bears repeating. As we said at the top of this program, there have been a lot of words from the Egyptian government. A lot of them have been lies based on their actions.

There was some confusion over the weekend about when the administration wants President Mubarak to actually step aside. The confusion came from Frank Wisner, a former ambassador to Egypt who last week delivered a message from Obama to Mubarak. On Saturday, Wisner said that Mubarak, quote, “must stay in office, at least for now, in order to help bring about a smooth transition.

The administration quickly backed away from that statement, saying that Wisner was speaking for himself. Robert Gibbs said today that the Egyptian people will decide when Mubarak goes.

David Gergen is a CNN senior political analyst and a former presidential adviser to Republican and Democratic presidents. And Jill Dougherty is CNN’s foreign affairs correspondent.

David, what do you make of the Obama administration’s policy right now? There has been a lot of back and forth on it.

DAVID GERGEN, CNN POLITICAL ANALYST: Anderson, you know, at first they were very surprised and, I think, they were wobbly. They weren’t quite sure how to handle this.

And then they seemed to move, after Mubarak said, “Look, I’m not going to be standing for re-election,” they seemed to issue a statement that supported the demonstrators. On its face, I thought it was an ambiguous statement, but it was interpreted by the White House, accepted by the demonstrators as a strong pro-demonstrator statement.

And then, of course, the Egyptian government got angry. And they got a lot of messages from other nations like Jordan and Saudi Arabia, saying, “Wait a minute. Don’t walk away from Mubarak so fast.”

And in the last few days, they have been much more — instead of emphasizing speed, they’ve been emphasizing an orderly transition.

Now, Anderson, all of us are glad you’re back, and I’m really glad you’re keeping attention on this. And after watching your show tonight, I think anybody would be naturally sort of, wait a minute, isn’t this administration, isn’t the Obama administration being way too cautious in light of all this lying, this repression, this brutality? Why aren’t they on the rooftops denouncing and demanding that Mubarak go right away, this brutal regime?

And I would just urge a little caution on that point. First of all, you know, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton I think have strong credentials as caring about human rights. They’re as horrified by what you’ve been reporting tonight as you are and as all the rest of us are.

And yet they get a lot of other information about what might happen, and they’re taking this I think with — with — I think their caution in this, their wariness, is — they deserve the benefit of the doubt in my view right now, because they’re dealing with a situation which is quite volatile. It could go a lot of different ways. So I would just urge that even though this is horrifying, they deserve some benefit of the doubt for the next few days.

COOPER: Well, clearly, Jill, American interests are not necessarily the same as the interests of the Egyptian people. I mean America has national security interests that may not be in sync. It sounded like the State Department took a more critical tone on the opposition negotiations with the regime today. Didn’t they?

JILL DOUGHERTY, CNN FOREIGN AFFAIRS CORRESPONDENT: Well, yes. I mean basically, they’re critical of Vice President Suleiman, saying that this is — these talks are going on, and they’ve been saying that’s a good idea. That’s wonderful. Keep going.

But today, there was a new tone when P.J. Crowley said they’re not inclusive enough. There are some people who should be included in that.

And he actually said that the opposition should test the government for seriousness, is it serious enough? And that they were going to be watching this.

I think, Anderson, there’s one fear that they have here. In a repressive regime, when it begins to fall, there are still ways that people can game the system. And there is a lot at stake. There are a lot of people with huge amounts of money and huge amounts of power.

And so they can talk a good game, but are they actually going to do something? And that’s the worry about it in this period where the opposition hasn’t really coalesced.

COOPER: Right.

DOUGHERTY: So that’s one of the dangers.

COOPER: And obviously, David, it concerns a group like the Muslim Brotherhood, which has been organized and has an organization on the ground, even though it’s been outlawed, is in a more advanced state of organization than — I mean there really aren’t other democratic institutions, and therefore, in a vacuum they might be able to rise. And that is obviously a concern to a lot of folks.

But it’s also interesting. Some of the opposition figures like ElBaradei, even though, you know, they may personally not like Omar Suleiman or fear his involvement, even they are saying he needs to have a role in the government. He should be one of three people leading the country. There should be a military role, as well.

So even opposition figures are saying, “Look, the military has to be involved here, and members of the former regime likely have to be involved, as well, in any kind of transition.”

GERGEN: ElBaradei, I think, Mr. ElBaradei I admire him for what he did with the International Atomic Emergency Agency. And I think he’s — I think he’s right about that.

I do hope the time comes, Anderson, when he can sit down with Suleiman. There was — there have been reports out that the government tried to get him to come in and talk, and he said, “I’m not talking until Mubarak goes.” And I do think the opposition has to be willing to sit down and talk, too, even as the United States puts enormous pressure on the government behind the scenes to call off this repression and respect human rights.

I think they need to be very tough about that. But I would just urge you that, in their public statements, I think they ought to be fairly cautious and quiet and not, you know, we better have a reaffirmation ultimately that this is going to be a democratic and free regime. How we get there is extraordinarily difficult.

COOPER: Yes. David Gergen, Jill Dougherty, I appreciate both your perspectives. Tonight we’re following some other stories. Isha Sesay has the “360 Bulletin” — Isha.

ISHA SESAY, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Anderson, protests today outside a hearing in Arizona on controversial legislation aimed at illegal immigrants. Two separate bills would deny U.S. citizenship to children born to parents who are in this country illegally. Supporters say their ultimate goal is to challenge the 14th Amendment, which guarantees citizenship to anyone born on American soil. They want the Supreme Court to re-examine that amendment.

In London today, an extradition hearing was held for Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks. Sweden wants to question him about sexual abuse allegations. But Assange’s lawyers are arguing that Sweden could turn him over to the United States, where he could face possible espionage charges and the risk of execution for leaking thousands of U.S. government documents.

Astronaut Mark Kelly resumed training at NASA today, preparing to command the Shuttle Endeavor’s April flight. He decided to go forward with the mission because his wife, Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, who was shot and seriously wounded in Tucson, is making substantial progress in her recovery. Kelly tweeted this training photo today, and he deliberately posted it upside down.

And Anderson, if you watched the Super Bowl last night, you are part of history. Nielsen research says 111 million viewers tuned in, making it the most watched television program ever in the U.S. The old record holder was last year’s Super Bowl game. A lot of people to watch the Black Eyed Peas and Christina Aguilera and very quickly forget those performances.

COOPER: Yes, I heard — I didn’t actually watch that. I have a headache, so I haven’t been watching stuff. But Isha, we’ll check in with you momentarily.

Just ahead, we’re going to talk to one of the young protestors in Liberation Square. You may recognize him as an actor who was in the acclaimed movie “The Kite Runner.”

Also, we’re going to update the case of two American hikers detained in Iran for 18 months now, they’re charged with espionage and their trial is now underway.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

COOPER: I want to introduce you to one of the protestors who have been set up in Liberation Square for several days. His name is Khalid Abdalla. He’s an actor of Egyptian heritage. He starred in the critically acclaimed movie, “The Kite Runner” in 2007. Take a look.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

(MUSIC)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I have to look at one more thing?

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The last thing that you remember that survived. Better to forget.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I don’t want to forget any more.

(END VIDEO CLIP) COOPER: Abdalla has been making a movie in Cairo for the last few years. He’s been in the middle of the protests since the end of January. He says he’s seen it all in Liberation Square, including a battle — the battle on Wednesday. But that it’s important for him to continue to be there. I spoke to him a short time ago via Skype.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

COOPER: Khalid, let me start by asking how are you and how are the other protesters holding up?

KHALID ABDALLA, PROTESTOR: I’m well. And I think the process is holding up very well. The last couple of days, really, people have managed, I think, on both sides to kind of catch their breath.

And the movement certainly has lots of strength in it. And something very interesting that’s been happening over the last couple days, is that people from outside the square, who have never been before and some of whom have been moved by Hosni Mubarak’s speech, have now started to come to the square for the first time.

COOPER: Since I’ve been back, I’ve had people ask me, why — you know, they proved their point. Why don’t they leave the square? And I’ve tried to explain, and I’d like you to talk to this a little more, if you think this is true.

The protesters I talked to before I left were very concerned, literally for their lives if they left that square. Yes, they were under attack while they were in the square. But their concern was, if they leave the square and world attention goes away, that the secret police, the intelligence apparatus is still in place, still taking people, and could pick them off one by one when they return to their homes.

ABDALLA: Yes, I know, absolutely. Tahrir is the symbol of the — of this movement, of this revolution, and people feel that keeping it is extremely important.

They’re also aware, exactly as you say, that if they leave without their demands being met, there is a very high chance of their being — of them being taken by the secret police, of their being, you know, a whole series of — of their being a period of revenge.

COOPER: Also, the vice president now of the country, first vice president that Mubarak has had, has not lifted the state of emergency that has been in effect for the entire time that Mubarak has been in office. And the vice president himself was head of the secret — of the intelligence division. So –

ABDALLA: Yes, I mean — there’s no doubt about it. He’s personally responsible. Him and the prime minister are personally responsible for what happened last Wednesday.

I mean, it’s a complete joke really, that while they were saying that they’re interested in, you know, changing the country and doing all of those things, they were preparing — I mean, almost as the speeches were being spoken, they were preparing to round people up, to attack them and kill them. And indeed I saw some of those people killed myself. I mean, I saw a guy who took a bullet to his head, had his brain seeping through his forehead.

The people in the square will not forget what has happened, because it will be a disaster for this country if Hosni Mubarak was removed and someone just came in his place but the police state and all of the tools of the state remained as they were.

COOPER: Besides the fact that they have tortured and continued to — and arrested people without any justification, I think what’s important to call this what it is. These people are lying. These people in power in Egypt are lying.

With the one hand they’re saying the journalists are welcome, on the other hand they’re rounding them up. They’re beating them. They’re — they’re holding them.

On the one hand, they’re saying, “We’re not controlling these mobs that are attacking peaceful demonstrators.” On the other hand, as soon as they want it to stop, it stops. They’re saying, “Well, we didn’t — what can we do to stop these attacks?” As soon as they wanted to, they sent in the military who put up some barbed wire. And lo and behold, it all stopped. So the idea that they weren’t in control of this and calling the shots, to me just seems blatantly a lie.

ABDALLA: It’s a complete lie. I mean, and one of the advantages, one of the good things that’s coming out of the length of time people that are being — that people are staying in Medina Tahrir (ph), is that those lies are having time to be revealed while we’re still there, which means our popular movement can grow.

I mean, some of the lies reached the level of grotesquerie. I mean, one of the — I mean, this one’s almost a joke. You know, in one of the papers for the republic, they even got the — where they had a picture of Medina Tahrir in their paper, and underneath it, wrote that the people in the square were protesters supporting Mubarak. I mean, it’s to the point of — it’s to the point of absolute ridiculousness.

COOPER: Khalid, you’re a famous actor in Egypt. You’ve been in movies that have been seen around the world. You have a vested interest in, frankly, maintaining the order. You have a good career; you have a good life. You’re able to travel.

Do you worry about talking like you have been about being in with the protesters? Do you worry that, as the world attention moves on somewhere else and these people stay in power, whether or not Mubarak’s in front of the cameras or not, that you could be targeted?

ABDALLA: Well, I — I don’t care. I mean, I know why I’m here, and I know why I want to be here. And I mean, I come from — I come from three generations who have been fighting for social reform and fiscal freedoms in this country. So I mean, I feel to a certain extent, there’s a responsibility to my family to be here. I also know that I’m here in a just cause. And here we have the discourse of democracy, of freedom, of social justice, of political reform being changed in the Middle East for all of us, and I’m extremely proud to be here for those reasons.

COOPER: Khalid Abdalla, I appreciate you being with us. Stay safe, and we’ll continue to check in with you.

ABDALLA: Thank you very much.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

COOPER: When we come back, the trial of two American hikers jailed in Iran. The trial has begun. It’s now on hold. We’re going to have the latest details from the courtroom and when it’s going to continue.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

COOPER: Let’s check in with Isha for another “360 News & Business Bulletin” — Isha.

SESAY: Anderson, the families of two American hikers charged with espionage in Iran said today both men were able to make lengthy statements about their innocence on day one of their trial. Yesterday’s proceedings were closed to the press and public. The trial is expected to resume in the next few weeks.

A major makeover for AOL, which is buying “The Huffington Post” for $315 million, $300 million of it in cash, about half of AOL’s total cash on hand.

And meet Jonathan Patrick Rozzi, who weighed in at — brace yourselves — 13 pounds 2 ounces when he came into the world four days ago. His mom delivered him — and I hesitate to say this out loud — naturally –

COOPER: Ouch.

SESAY: — after just four hours of labor and ten minutes of pushing.

COOPER: Wow.

SESAY: Give that woman a medal. Give her chocolate. Give her something apart from just a 13-pound baby.

COOPER: Wow. Well, congratulations. We’re glad everybody is healthy and doing OK.

Serious stuff ahead, starting with the very latest from Cairo, where protestors are still occupying Liberation Square. And the danger for them they believe may be growing.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

COOPER: hey, that’s it for 360. Thanks for watching.

“PIERS MORGAN” starts now.

Jan van Aken ist Bundestagsabgeordneter der LINKEN in Hamburg seit der Wahl 2009.

The People’s Planet : Transforming The City CNN

This is a part of a documentary titled “Transforming The City” which is an episode of a six one-hour series called “The People’s Planet”. The series was shot in 23 countries on Hi-Vision system and was co-produced by Antelope and NHK of Japan for CNN and Télé Images. (2000). In addition to being featured in Cairo episode, I was also an associate researcher, location fixer, and interviewer for the production.

Draft transcript by CNN

Cairo is a city that has used its rich heritage to help build a sustainable future.

NARRATOR: Cairo is a megacity with over 11 million people. Like many ancient cities, it wasn’t planned, but grew haphazardly, the rich and the poor sectors of society living elbow to elbow. During the last 30 years, millions of people have moved here from the farming villages in search of a new life and new opportunities.

And many migrants brought with them their ideas about growing food. They have given Cairo a rich culture of urban farming. This self-sustaining food supply helps the city limit its ecological footprint.

Said Samir runs a research institute that studies urban farming around the city. This morning, Said talks to two farmers who’ve worked here most of their lives. Tarik works the land in the afternoons. He helps his brother-in-law, Hag Ahmed Abdallah, who has a large family and farms full-time.

SAID SAMIR, (through translator): Do you think this land is important for the town?

Tarik (through translator): It’s important for food. That’s the crucial thing. The town lives on the countryside. If the agricultural land ceases to be, then the town won’t be able to feed itself. The land must be cultivated so the people can feed themselves.

NARRATOR: Much in this urban farmland is protected from development by tough city laws. Water from the Nile is crucial. It irrigates fields of vegetables for the local markets and clover crops for animal feed. The animals also provide manure for fertilizing the fields.

In farmhouses, people use century-old bread ovens to bake bread for the family. They sell the surplus at the market.

Locals say the food is a lot fresher than anything brought into the city.

Hag Ahmed Abdallah (through translator): Produce arriving from outside the city takes a day to be gathered, then a day to arrive. It hangs around for yet another day, then it takes a day to sell it. But our produce is sold on the day we pick it.

SAMIR (through translator): And the people like to eat your fresh food?

Hag Ahmed Abdallah (through translator): Of course, yes. When the produce reaches the consumer the day he eats it, he will notice the difference compared to eating something that is produced the day before.

NARRATOR: But one look at Cairo’s skyline shows it’s not just the land that’s farmed. Rooftop space is used for gardening and animals. Nearly one-fifth of Cairo’s household keep animals for food.

SAMIR: The place we are in now is a typical rooftop of popular districts in Cairo. People use animals and raise them to cope with the high prices and low income, and the majority of population of Cairo live in areas like this, and for them, there are two different ways to cope with the high prices: to raise animals and poultry, and at the same time it’s like a hobby. This hobby is a habit that they are getting used to, because most of the population of Cairo are coming from outside. They come and bring the country traditions and hobbies with them.

As we can see here, most of the rooftops, there are animals, there are goats, there are chickens, ducks. And for them, as well, it’s much better than the stuff they bring from the market, because they say it has more, rich flavor, homemade raising food.

NARRATOR: Samir says this is a classic example of small-scale sustainable farming. It helps feed the city and replenishes the land at the same time.

In one of 500 small factories hidden away in Cairo’s streets, other frugal and sustainable ideas are at work. Abdul Wahid (ph) inherited this factory from his father. He’s run the family business for more than 30 years. The plant produces over 3,000 small wheels a day for trolleys, beds and refrigerators. They use waste metal from a local air-conditioning factory.

The wheels are a fifth of the price of imports and save on tons of steel at the same time. The factory next door has been here for more than 150 years. They buy glass waste from Cairo’s garbage collectors and recycle over 220 pounds a day. Glass workers make lamp shades for the mosques and other items for the local shops and tourist market.

Cairo grew with almost no planning. Through the years, it held onto ancient traditions that make it one of the liveliest cities in the world. In a moment, we’ll journey 6,000 miles away to another city, which hopes that careful planning is the key to a sustainable future.

Said Samir - CNN - People's Planet - Transforming The City 2000

digitally edited from a photo I took of Huntington in 2002

In 2002 I attended a discussion session with Huntington in NYC during the WEF meeting about bridging civilizations. On a distinct note, Samuel Huntington, said that there are indeed real differences in values and cultures among civilizations. The idea of a bridge, as suggested in the title of the session, implies there is something separating them. The issue is whether this is a “bridge over a chasm, a wide ocean, a changing stream or what?” He is not sure of the answer, but he is certain that differences exist, although they need not lead to clashes among civilizations. Another interesting issue, he noted, is the role of modernization in cultural exchange. In response to criticisms that his book, The Clash of Civilizations and the Reality of World Order, dwelled on the clashes between Islamic and Western values and ignored the conflicts between Christian groups such as those in Northern Ireland, Huntington claimed that the clashes between Protestants and Catholics do not carry the same potential threat to world peace.

One can not easily subscribed to Huntington’s theory of Clash of Civilizations. Simply because after the Cold War, the dominant economic and political nature of globalization coupled with the rapid advances in communication are driving the whole world to be a global village with one civilization and different cultures. While each culture in the world contains different religions, the religions themselves each of them includes different ideologies. It is only a matter of definition, how Huntington defines and interrelates the different terms of civilization, culture, religion and ideology. That is why the late Edward Said in his critic to Huntington’s theory called it a clash of definitions. In fact the term civilization is being sometimes casually and mistakingly used as a synonym for culture but such a mistake can not be accepted from a distinguished scholar like Huntington.

Edward Said like many others pointed out and rejected the message of the theory to be underlining Islam as the new enemy of the western civilization after the cold war. If this is the case, then, it is not a clash of civilizations but rather  a religion against a civilization and it would mistakingly exclude Islam from the so called “western culture”, not only ignoring all Muslim citizens of the western societies but making them the enemy.  Clashes of/in the world now seem mostly ideological e.g. extremists vs. moderates or vs extremists from different ideologies,  but those clashes are often claimed to be religious or racist in nature. The wider claim of being cultural is also common as in the West vs Arabs (Wester culture vs Arabic culture). But if we examine the core motivations of the stakeholders in international clashes we can not ignore that they are mostly politically and economically oriented and the cultural aspects are only introduced as tools for mobilization. The differences then, are in the perception of the cause which is usually colored by personal interests and objectives. For instance, politicians see it more politically and the more religious persons tend to magnify the role of religion. The world now with its west, east, poor and rich has all the elements needed to constitute a global civilization that contains different cultures, religions and ideologies. This is actually the case now inside the western civilization itself. The principal constitutional personal freedoms and rights guarantee colorful societies that enjoy a variety of religions and subcultures with a wide spectrum of differences from ultra conservatives to ultra liberals and from ultra-religious to hardcore atheists. The cause of human conflicts has always been and will always be motivated by political and economic unjust. The worse this unjust goes the more clashes will exist and when if it is resolved or improved, the majority of humans will then show more capacity for tolerance and peace.

Demos against the World Economic Forum in New York 2002

As attendees at the World Economic Forum (WEF) rolled out of New York in a stream of black limousines, they carried a warning from UN Secretary General Kofi Annan: “Ignore the world’s poor at your own risk.” It was a message that reverberated constantly throughout the five-day event, from conference rooms at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel to demonstrations on Manhattan’s streets.

The WEF is usually faced with demonstrations against it wherever it takes place. Being one of the world’s significant symbols of economic globalization, the WEF has been always a target of condemnation from angry street public to organized anti-WEF international conferences such as the World Social Forum that is taking place in Brazil at the same time of the WEF meeting.

In a diverse and huge city like New York that is inhabited with many American poor, a demonstration can get really wild and that seemed to be of great concern to the New York Police Department (NYPD). Since the arrival of WEF participants, the streets around the Waldorf-Astoria hotel where the WEF meeting is taking place have been filled with police-persons who blocked the streets and avenues around the hotel making mid-town New York traffic worse than Cairo’s downtown rush hour. Only participants with digitally recognized badges like me were granted access to the area. The tight security measures gave an impression about the importance of the event, and also inspired fear of any radical anti-WEF incidents.

The first two days of the conference passed without any sign of mass demonstrations, which seemed to be strange. By noon of the second day of the conference, February 1, rain and cold wind prevented many protesters from gathering. Walking around the hotel looking for any sign of demonstrations one could only identify three young men carrying handmade signs, including one that read “I demand a better puppet show.” The young man carrying the sign was convinced that the ongoing economic globalization of the world is advantageous only for the rich and powerful, whether it is a nation, corporation, politician, or businessperson. He said that he is not blindly anti-globalization but rather is only pro-globalization that benefits humanity at large. In his opinion a single tone economic-globalization that focuses on profit and ignores social and cultural difference will lead to even more degradation of those who are already poor. He noted that he was disappointed that there were no other protesters joining him but he insists on using his right to express his opinion about the WEF.

The third day of the conference, February 2, was a different day. Setting at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, one could hear demonstrators shouting “Money for Jobs, not for War” and “Human Need not Corporate Greed”. Thousands of demonstrators gathered at Park Avenue near by the Waldorf where over 4,000 police officers orchestrated a show of force intended to intimidate peaceful protesters in two simultaneous events demonstrating their opposition to the World Economic Forum. Demonstrators perceived the WEF meeting’s objectives to be planning future strategies that have often resulted in greater profits for transnational corporations at the expense of working people and poor communities around the world.

One of the two main protests took place at 50th St. and Park Ave., organized by the ANSWER (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism) coalition. The other was at 59th St. and Fifth Ave., sponsored by the Another World is Possible (AWIP) coalition.

With two police officers in New York

Demonstrators were herded into a series of closed pens composed of metal fences more than one meter high, creating a sense of isolation and vulnerability. The 10 pens were approximately 3 meters across and perhaps 30 meters long, one after the other, extending the length of five city blocks. The speakers’ platform at 50th St. was invisible to all but a few hundred people out of up to 5,000 at the rally, many of whom were completely unable to decipher what was being said because of their distance.

Each pen was surrounded by police and plainclothes officers who controlled access in and out of the pens and of the entire area beyond the enclosures. In addition, occupied police cars lined Park Ave. parallel to the pens. Throughout the rally, squads of heavily armed police marched up and down the several blocks. Occasionally, squads of police trotted by on horseback or whizzed by on bicycles. The Waldorf itself resembled a besieged fortress.

The police diverted thousands of protesters who sought to access the demonstration area by establishing checkpoints, barricades and closing surrounding streets, according to Mara Verheyden-Hilliard, attorney for the ANSWER coalition. People, including me, were deliberately misinformed about where to locate access points to attend the rally. It took several Mid-Hudson residents an hour or more to be admitted to the area. Others had difficulty leaving. Some 20 buses full of demonstrators from various cities were misdirected by police to remote unloading areas. Police established a bus parking area but then told drivers to go elsewhere.

The 11 a.m.-3 p.m. rally was addressed by a multitude of speakers representing the various groups in the ANSWER coalition. Corporate globalization was the primary target, but opposition to the war, imperialism and racism were frequent themes. Among the speakers were representatives from the Palestinian, Korean, Filipino, Somali, Iraqi, Muslim, Mexican, and Puerto Rican movements as well as activists from various peace and justice groups.

Police refused to issue a permit to ANSWER organizers for conducting a post-rally march to a local theater showing the racist, pro-war film, Black Hawk Down, but many demonstrators managed to do so anyway, slipping away in ones and twos as the rally ended. Organizers also urged that people try to join up with the march for which AWIP had obtained a permit after its rally. A number of people from the Mid-Hudson bus contingent managed to elude police barricades to join this march, which seemed to include at least 10,000 enthusiastic participants by the time it reached 48th St. around 4 p.m.

The 59th St. rally, while attracting a huge police presence, was not as confining as what was taking place at 50th St. But as the colorful march to 48th St. began, police arrested 27 people. All told some 36 people were arrested during the day.

The demonstrations took place after weeks of inflammatory reports by New York City newspapers and TV reports that protest organizations were planning massive confrontations and riots during the WEF meeting, which began Jan. 31 and ends Feb. 4. Anyone familiar with the planning for these protests — and this certainly included the police — was well aware that considerable pains were taken by ANSWER and AWIP to conduct legal, peaceful demonstrations.

However, the Police Department mounted a display of armed force totally out of proportion to the planned events. After the day was over, the media began suggesting that only the heavy police presence deterred dangerous turmoil.

One week after the NYPD arrested 200 peaceful protesters, activists are considering filing a class-action lawsuit against the police for unlawful arrest and brutality. One of the arrested women said “I came to New York City this weekend because I wanted to express my views on the WEF and the other organizations that are abusing our planet and the humans that live on it. I ended the weekend by getting arrested for expressing these views, and I spent nearly 41 hours in custody, suffering with many other protestors in deplorable and inhumane conditions.”

Two persons demo in New York

For a first-timer visitor to New York city coming from a country of an authoritative regime like Egypt and thinking of the U.S. as the country of freedom and democracy, the anti-WEF demonstrations were some kind of a reality-check. Talking with an angry demonstrator telling him that he should appreciate the fact that they have the right to peaceful demonstration, he seemed not to understand how may not he has such a basic right. Telling him that demonstrations are prohibited in many countries of the world and police in those countries are much harsher with any collective criticisms to the ruling regime. “But those countries are dictatorship and their people one day will strongly revolt and most of all, they don’t claim to be the prime guard of freedom and democracy in the whole world” he answered.

Vinton Cerf one of Internet founders titled Father of Internet. Digitally edited from a GPL Wikimedia photo.

It was a great pleasure for me to meet with one of Internet founders during ICAAN board meeting held in Cairo, March 2000. As an Internet professional and a technology fan, talking with Vinton Cerf gave me the feeling of talking to someone holy! Of course, if technology is a new religion Cerf would be one of its holy saints.

Cerf listened to a questioned – or rather complaint – I directed to Dr. Nazif (current prime minister of Egypt and the minister of Telecommunications then) about making VOIP illegal in Egypt. Later in a side talk Cerf told me “Don’t worry they can not stand against the revolution of Internet and it is just a matter of short time then they must give up” Now after more than ten years, did they really give up? In fact the political aspects of using Internet for communication is one of the big worries of authoritarian governments. They want to control and keep a big eye on all communications especially the international ones that Internet can freely offer.

ICAAN Board Meeting

The was an opportunity for developing countries to participate in the formation of the Internet’s future.

“Only those telecom companies that adapt and start using the Internet for communication instead of blocking or prohibiting it will have any chance of profiting in the future.” Michael Minges

It was certainly the biggest Internet event ever held in the region.

In one of the top five-star hotels of Cairo, the opening ceremony of C@INET 2000 & the ICANN Forum was inaugurated on the 7th of March by Ahmed Nazif, the Egyptian Minister of Communication and Information on behalf of Egyptian Prime Minister Atef Ebeid. Nazif discussed the ministerial plan to develop Egyptian communication infrastructure and to introduce more modern and reliable services and technologies.

The conference was organized by the Regional Information Technology & Software Engineering Center (RITSEC) in cooperation with the Internet Society of Egypt. A new dimension was added to the annual Egyptian conference by the hosting of the annual directors meeting of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the international non-profit Internet governing body.

The conference included more than 1,300 organizers, guests and Internet experts from all over the world. Attendees came to share their experiences, and to present and discuss papers and ideas. Many crucial Internet related issues were brought up by over 50 distinguished speakers.

The first session was initiated with a speech from Dr. Tarek Kamel, Chair of Local Organizing Committee, followed by the speech of Mr. Mike Roberts, President & CEO of ICANN. Roberts emphasized that the ICANN forum being hosted in Egypt this year is an indication of the importance of Egypt’s role in the region. He also added that it was a good opportunity for developing countries to participate in the formation of the Internet’s future.

The next speaker was Mr. Don Heath, President & CEO of ISOC (Internet SOCiety). ISOC is a professional membership society with more than 150 organizational and 6,000 individual members in over 100 countries. It provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet, and is the organizational home of the groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Mr. Heath explained the views of ISOC on the role of the Internet in economic globalization and the increasing need for cooperation between developed and less developed countries to achieve optimum usage of the Internet

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif, the Chairman of the Internet Society of Egypt, and one of the most distinguished IT experts in the region, spoke about the development of the Internet in Egypt, and announced a new Internet institute affiliated with RITSEC. El-Sherif also announced a new additional capacity for Egypt’s Internet backbone that will speed connection rates.

Among many good Egyptian presentations was one focusing on the Egyptian libraries on the web, presented by Eglal Bahgat, the Deputy Chairman of IDSC. Bahgat provided an overview of the project to network Egyptian libraries from 1992 – 1999. Some of the challenges the developers faced included Arabizing web content and standardizing their data. The project resulted in the automation of more than 240 Egyptian libraries (13% of all libraries in Egypt), in addition to training 1,900 librarians and developing a simple and standardized system that has now been made available to all Arab libraries.

The conference was crowned by the presence and speech of Vinton Cerf who gave a lucid presentation on the history of the Internet and its development over the years. He also illustrated how he sees its future and applications. Cerf has been called one of the “fathers” of Internet. He is a senior Vice President of Internet Architecture and Technology for MCI WorldCom and an ICANN director. Cerf is the co-designer of the TCP/IP protocol, the communications protocol that gave birth to the Internet and which is commonly used today. In December 1997, President Clinton presented the US National Medal of Technology to Cerf and his partner, Robert E. Kahn, for founding and developing the Internet.

Internet vs. Telecom Egypt

Dr. Ahmed Nazif Minister of Telecommunicatons (2000) Premier of Egypt (2010)

The prohibition of the transfer of voice over IP (making international telephone calls via the internet) by Egypt Telecom could have been considered as running counter to the efforts of the Ministry of Communication and Information to promote Internet access and usage in a variety of applications. On the first day of the conference, I asked minister Nazif if there was any intention to lift this ban. The minister promised that new regulations and services concerning this issue would soon be introduced.

This happened on the last day of the conference when Azza Turk, Deputy Chairman of Telecom Egypt, announced a new service of this kind to be offered by Egypt Telecom. The service uses a dedicated software program created by Ericsson that uses prepaid cards charging a rate of LE0.80 (23 cents) per minute for calls to the US. Rates for other countries will vary.

The question is how Telecom Egypt will be able to compete with the many existing web sites that offer a similar service without dedicated software programs and that are free of charge for calls to the USA (such as www.dialpad.com)? Moreover, even if Telecom Egypt chooses to block access to these companies’ web-sites, how can they realistically keep track of and block all the new sites and services commencing service on the Internet every day?

We directed this question to Michael Minges, Head of Telecommunication & Statistics Unit at the International Telecommunication Union in Switzerland, and he responded that many telephone companies all over the world are in similar situations to Telecom Egypt, The Internet poses a challenge to their services and pricing systems, and only those who adapt and start using the Internet for communication instead of blocking or prohibiting it will have any chance of profiting in the future.

e-Commerce

E-Commerce was the star topic of the conference. Nearly every discussion referred to this hot topic. Bruno Lanvin, the head of Electronic Commerce at UNCTAD/SITE, illustrated some strategic and practical issues concerning global e-commerce. Lanvin was critical of the distribution of internet hosts worldwide, pointing out that 96 percent of Internet hosts are found in developed countries, with only 16 percent of the world’s population. This results in an average rate of 312 hosts per thousand inhabitants in developed countries, as compared with an average rate of six hosts per thousand in developing countries. Other obstacles he mentioned that face the development of e-commerce in Arab countries were a lack of infrastructure, expertise, language/content, low user base, and ingrained business practices.

Another presentation tackling this issue was “Interoperable e-commerce”, given by David Manion, Managing Director at CommerceNet Consortium USA. Mr. Manion began by defining e-commerce as “commercial relationships facilitated by an interactive electronic medium.” He discussed the importance and potential of e-commerce in the world. In his opinion, Internet use in Egypt was being hindered by a lack of awareness and education, small Market size, poor e-commerce, telecommunications, and financial infrastructure. He also criticized the legal system, and the government’s role, including the current pricing structure. Social and psychological barriers were also present. Manion stressed that many of these factors were present worldwide, including the developed world.

Women on Internet
The role of women on Internet was given much attention in Christine Maxwell’s presentation. The Vice Chairman of ISOC discussed feminist challenges in the cyberspace, stating that there is a real danger of the divide between the information rich and the “info-poor” widening, Women should feel encouraged more than ever before to participate in designing and implementing models of economic development. Such a vision calls for women cybercitizens, rooted in their local cultures, to have a stake in national, global and civil society. She added, “the point is that gender needs to be treated as a critical variable in shaping access to, and the knowledge and organization of, natural resources and networked resources. Women have begun to redefine their identities, and the meaning of gender through expressions of human agency and collective action. This translates into a redefinition of environmental issues resource access and distribution, while fostering an alternative view of sustainability. To be different is the alternative left us if we want to be ourselves. To this end, women must identify those areas in which we can build our difference. Women must not be left behind Women need to be very active agents in ensuring that potential of information technologies are directed towards enhancing human wellbeing. The meanings of tomorrow must be created today by women in partnership with men”